{"id":2756,"date":"2026-11-13T12:01:18","date_gmt":"2026-11-13T11:01:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wegetfunded.com\/?p=2756"},"modified":"2026-11-13T12:02:19","modified_gmt":"2026-11-13T11:02:19","slug":"stub-quotes-d8f92f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wegetfunded.com\/fr\/blog\/stub-quotes-d8f92f\/","title":{"rendered":"Stub quotes : comment des actions se sont \u00e9chang\u00e9es \u00e0 un centime le 6 mai 2010"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les stub quotes sont des cotations de secours que les teneurs de march\u00e9 affichaient \u00e0 des prix extr\u00eamement \u00e9loign\u00e9s du march\u00e9, comme un dollar par action, pour remplir formellement leur obligation de coter en permanence des prix d’achat et de vente sans vouloir r\u00e9ellement \u00e9changer. Le 6 mai 2010, l’ex\u00e9cution d’ordres contre ces cotations a provoqu\u00e9 des transactions \u00e0 un centime ou jusqu’\u00e0 100 000 dollars l’action, selon le rapport conjoint de la CFTC et de la SEC publi\u00e9 en 2010. La Securities and Exchange Commission a ensuite interdit de fait cette pratique en imposant des fourchettes de cotation obligatoires \u00e0 partir du 6 d\u00e9cembre 2010.<\/p>\n\n

Qu’est-ce qu’un stub quote exactement<\/h2>\n

Un stub quote est une offre d’achat ou de vente d’une action \u00e0 un prix si \u00e9loign\u00e9 du march\u00e9 r\u00e9el qu’elle n’est pas cens\u00e9e \u00eatre ex\u00e9cut\u00e9e, par exemple un ordre d’achat \u00e0 un centime ou une offre de vente \u00e0 100 000 dollars. La SEC le d\u00e9crit ainsi dans son communiqu\u00e9 officiel : \u00ab A stub quote is an offer to buy or sell a stock at a price so far away from the prevailing market that it is not intended to be executed, such as an order to buy at a penny or an offer to sell at 100 000 dollars \u00bb (SEC, communiqu\u00e9 2010-216<\/a>). Ce type de cotation n’avait pas vocation \u00e0 attirer des acheteurs ou des vendeurs r\u00e9els : il servait de place holder, une cotation de principe destin\u00e9e \u00e0 occuper l’espace sans jamais \u00eatre touch\u00e9e en conditions normales.<\/p>\n\n

Pourquoi les teneurs de march\u00e9 utilisaient ce m\u00e9canisme<\/h2>\n

Les teneurs de march\u00e9 am\u00e9ricains sont soumis \u00e0 une obligation de cotation bilat\u00e9rale continue : ils doivent en permanence afficher \u00e0 la fois un prix d’achat et un prix de vente pour les titres dont ils ont la charge. Quand leur liquidit\u00e9 est \u00e9puis\u00e9e ou qu’ils ne souhaitent plus intervenir activement, cette obligation reste formellement due. Mary Schapiro, alors pr\u00e9sidente de la SEC, l’a expliqu\u00e9 dans son t\u00e9moignage devant le Congr\u00e8s : \u00ab When a market maker’s liquidity has been exhausted, or if it is unwilling to provide liquidity, it may at that time submit what is called a stub quote, for example, an offer to buy a given stock at a penny \u00bb (SEC, t\u00e9moignage du 11 mai 2010<\/a>). Le stub quote permettait donc de rester techniquement en conformit\u00e9 tout en se retirant de fait du march\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n

Ce qui s’est pass\u00e9 le 6 mai 2010<\/h2>\n

Le rapport conjoint des \u00e9quipes de la CFTC et de la SEC remis au comit\u00e9 consultatif sur les questions r\u00e9glementaires \u00e9mergentes d\u00e9crit pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment le m\u00e9canisme \u00e0 l’\u0153uvre ce jour-l\u00e0 : \u00ab These trades occurred as a result of so-called stub quotes, which are quotes generated by market makers (or the exchanges on their behalf) at levels far away from the current market in order to fulfill continuous two-sided quoting obligations even when a market maker has withdrawn from active trading \u00bb (CFTC et SEC, rapport sur les \u00e9v\u00e9nements de march\u00e9 du 6 mai 2010<\/a>). Lorsque des ordres de vente massifs ont ass\u00e9ch\u00e9 la liquidit\u00e9 disponible sur certains titres en quelques minutes, des syst\u00e8mes ont fini par ex\u00e9cuter des ordres contre ces cotations de secours, produisant des transactions \u00e0 des prix absurdes. La SEC pr\u00e9cise que ces ex\u00e9cutions ont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 une part significative des transactions \u00e0 prix extr\u00eames de la journ\u00e9e, avant d’\u00eatre annul\u00e9es : \u00ab Executions against stub quotes represented a significant proportion of the trades that were executed at extreme prices on May 6, and subsequently broken \u00bb (SEC, communiqu\u00e9 2010-216<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n

La r\u00e9forme de la SEC : des fourchettes obligatoires autour du NBBO<\/h2>\n

Le 8 novembre 2010, la SEC a approuv\u00e9 de nouvelles r\u00e8gles propos\u00e9es par les bourses et la FINRA pour renforcer les normes minimales de cotation des teneurs de march\u00e9 et interdire de fait les stub quotes. Le communiqu\u00e9 officiel l’annonce ainsi : \u00ab The Securities and Exchange Commission approved new rules proposed by the exchanges and FINRA to strengthen the minimum quoting standards for market makers and effectively prohibit stub quotes in the U.S. equity markets \u00bb (SEC, communiqu\u00e9 2010-216<\/a>). D\u00e9sormais, chaque teneur de march\u00e9 doit coter \u00e0 une distance maximale du NBBO (National Best Bid and Offer), le meilleur prix d’achat (bid) et de vente (ask) consolid\u00e9 sur l’ensemble des march\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains. Cette distance varie selon le titre et le moment de la s\u00e9ance, comme le d\u00e9taille la SEC : \u00ab For securities subject to the circuit breaker pilot program approved this past summer, market makers must enter quotes that are not more than 8% away from the NBBO […] market makers in these securities must enter quotes no further than 20% away from the NBBO […] market makers must enter quotes that are no more than 30% away from the NBBO \u00bb pour les titres hors programme pilote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Fourchettes maximales de cotation impos\u00e9es par la SEC \u00e0 partir de d\u00e9cembre 2010<\/caption>\n
Cat\u00e9gorie de titre<\/th>Moment de la s\u00e9ance<\/th>\u00c9cart maximal autoris\u00e9 par rapport au NBBO<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Titres du programme pilote coupe-circuits<\/td>S\u00e9ance normale<\/td>8 %<\/td><\/tr>\n
Titres du programme pilote coupe-circuits<\/td>Proche de l’ouverture ou de la cl\u00f4ture<\/td>20 %<\/td><\/tr>\n
Titres hors programme pilote<\/td>Toute la s\u00e9ance<\/td>30 %<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Ces nouvelles exigences de cotation sont entr\u00e9es en vigueur le 6 d\u00e9cembre 2010, comme le pr\u00e9cise la SEC : \u00ab The new market maker quoting requirements will become effective on Dec. 6, 2010 \u00bb (SEC, communiqu\u00e9 2010-216<\/a>). Depuis cette date, un teneur de march\u00e9 ne peut plus se contenter d’afficher un prix symbolique pour remplir une obligation formelle : il doit rester dans une fourchette raisonnable autour du march\u00e9 r\u00e9el, ou renoncer \u00e0 coter.<\/p>\n\n

Cette r\u00e9forme s’inscrit dans un ensemble plus large de garde-fous mis en place apr\u00e8s mai 2010, aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s des coupe-circuits boursiers am\u00e9ricains<\/a> qui suspendent la cotation d’un titre en cas de mouvement trop brutal. Comprendre la diff\u00e9rence entre un ordre au march\u00e9 et un ordre \u00e0 cours limit\u00e9<\/a> aide aussi \u00e0 mesurer pourquoi l’ex\u00e9cution contre un stub quote posait un probl\u00e8me structurel : un ordre au march\u00e9 n’offre aucune garantie de prix, et c’est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment cette absence de garantie que les stub quotes ont expos\u00e9e de fa\u00e7on spectaculaire le 6 mai 2010.<\/p>\n\n

Questions fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>\n

Un stub quote est-il une erreur ou une cotation volontaire ?<\/h3>\n

C’est une cotation volontaire. Le teneur de march\u00e9 l’affiche d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment \u00e0 un prix extr\u00eame pour respecter son obligation r\u00e9glementaire de coter en permanence, tout en sachant qu’elle n’est normalement pas cens\u00e9e \u00eatre ex\u00e9cut\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n

Pourquoi ces cotations ont-elles \u00e9t\u00e9 ex\u00e9cut\u00e9es le 6 mai 2010 ?<\/h3>\n

Parce que la liquidit\u00e9 normale avait disparu en quelques minutes sur certains titres. Des ordres de vente qui ne trouvaient plus de contrepartie \u00e0 un prix raisonnable ont fini par rencontrer les seules cotations encore affich\u00e9es, \u00e0 savoir les stub quotes, provoquant des prix d’ex\u00e9cution extr\u00eames.<\/p>\n\n

Ces transactions aberrantes ont-elles \u00e9t\u00e9 maintenues ?<\/h3>\n

Non. La SEC indique que les ex\u00e9cutions contre des stub quotes ont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 une part significative des transactions \u00e0 prix extr\u00eames de la journ\u00e9e, et que ces transactions ont ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 annul\u00e9es par les bourses concern\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n

La r\u00e8gle du NBBO emp\u00eache-t-elle totalement les anomalies de prix aujourd’hui ?<\/h3>\n

Elle r\u00e9duit fortement le risque sp\u00e9cifique des stub quotes, puisqu’un teneur de march\u00e9 ne peut plus coter \u00e0 une distance arbitraire du NBBO. Elle se combine avec les coupe-circuits et les m\u00e9canismes d’annulation de transactions aberrantes mis en place par les bourses apr\u00e8s 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n

Quentin Belsack<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les stub quotes sont des cotations de secours que les teneurs de march\u00e9 affichaient \u00e0 des prix extr\u00eamement \u00e9loign\u00e9s du march\u00e9, comme un dollar par action, pour remplir formellement leur obligation de coter en permanence des prix d’achat et de vente sans vouloir r\u00e9ellement \u00e9changer. Le 6 mai 2010, l’ex\u00e9cution d’ordres contre ces cotations a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2755,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_wgf_editorial_author":"quentin","_wgf_editorial_kind":"pedagogique","footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-comprendre-le-trading"],"yoast_head":"\nStub quotes : la faille corrig\u00e9e apr\u00e8s le 6 mai 2010<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Stub quotes : le 6 mai 2010, des actions se sont \u00e9chang\u00e9es \u00e0 un centime avant que la SEC n'impose des fourchettes obligatoires.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wegetfunded.com\/fr\/blog\/stub-quotes-d8f92f\/\" \/>\n<meta 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