{"id":1946,"date":"2026-10-25T12:00:49","date_gmt":"2026-10-25T11:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wegetfunded.com\/?p=1946"},"modified":"2026-10-25T12:01:50","modified_gmt":"2026-10-25T11:01:50","slug":"bug-knight-capital-fa599c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wegetfunded.com\/fr\/blog\/bug-knight-capital-fa599c\/","title":{"rendered":"Knight Capital : le bug logiciel qui a co\u00fbt\u00e9 460 millions de dollars en 45 minutes"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le bug Knight Capital a co\u00fbt\u00e9 460 millions de dollars en 45 minutes le 1er ao\u00fbt 2012, selon la d\u00e9cision administrative de la SEC publi\u00e9e le 16 octobre 2013. Une erreur dans le syst\u00e8me de routage automatis\u00e9 d’ordres actions de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, nomm\u00e9 SMARS, a transform\u00e9 212 ordres de d\u00e9tail en millions d’ex\u00e9cutions sur le march\u00e9, cr\u00e9ant des positions non d\u00e9sir\u00e9es sur 154 titres.<\/p>\n\n

Ce que le syst\u00e8me SMARS a r\u00e9ellement fait<\/h2>\n

Selon la d\u00e9cision de la SEC du 16 octobre 2013<\/a>, Knight Capital Americas LLC a connu, le 1er ao\u00fbt 2012, \u00ab une erreur significative dans le fonctionnement de son syst\u00e8me de routage automatis\u00e9 d’ordres actions, connu sous le nom de SMARS \u00bb (traduction de \u00ab a significant error in the operation of its automated routing system for equity orders, known as SMARS \u00bb). Ce syst\u00e8me \u00e9tait cens\u00e9 traiter des ordres de d\u00e9tail transmis par des clients de Knight et les acheminer vers le march\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on ordonn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Le dysfonctionnement a eu un effet d\u00e9mesur\u00e9 sur une fen\u00eatre de temps tr\u00e8s courte. D’apr\u00e8s le m\u00eame document, \u00ab en traitant 212 petits ordres de d\u00e9tail que Knight avait re\u00e7us de ses clients, SMARS a envoy\u00e9 des millions d’ordres sur le march\u00e9 sur une p\u00e9riode de 45 minutes \u00bb (\u00ab While processing 212 small retail orders that Knight had received from its customers, SMARS routed millions of orders into the market over a 45-minute period \u00bb). Ce rapport d’un facteur de plusieurs millions pour 212 ordres initiaux est ce qui rend cet incident insolite au sens strict : il ne s’agit pas d’une perte de march\u00e9 classique, mais d’une boucle logicielle incontr\u00f4l\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n

L’ampleur des ex\u00e9cutions et des positions accumul\u00e9es<\/h2>\n

La SEC chiffre pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment le r\u00e9sultat de ces 45 minutes. Le syst\u00e8me a \u00ab obtenu plus de 4 millions d’ex\u00e9cutions sur 154 titres, pour plus de 397 millions d’actions \u00bb (\u00ab obtained over 4 million executions in 154 stocks for more than 397 million shares \u00bb). Au moment o\u00f9 Knight a r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 arr\u00eater l’envoi des ordres, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 s’est retrouv\u00e9e avec des positions qu’elle n’avait jamais voulu prendre : \u00ab Knight avait assum\u00e9 une position longue nette d’environ 3,5 milliards de dollars sur 80 titres et une position courte nette d’environ 3,15 milliards de dollars sur 74 titres \u00bb (\u00ab Knight had assumed a net long position in 80 stocks of approximately $3.5 billion and a net short position in 74 stocks of approximately $3.15 billion \u00bb).<\/p>\n

Pour liquider ces positions dans l’urgence, Knight a d\u00fb accepter des prix d’ex\u00e9cution d\u00e9favorables. Le r\u00e9sultat final est sans ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 selon la SEC : \u00ab Knight a finalement perdu plus de 460 millions de dollars \u00e0 cause de ces positions non d\u00e9sir\u00e9es \u00bb (\u00ab Ultimately, Knight lost over $460 million from these unwanted positions \u00bb).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Chiffres cl\u00e9s de l’incident Knight Capital selon la SEC<\/caption>\n
\u00c9l\u00e9ment<\/th>Valeur<\/th>Date<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Ordres initiaux trait\u00e9s par SMARS<\/td>212 ordres de d\u00e9tail<\/td>1er ao\u00fbt 2012<\/td><\/tr>\n
Ex\u00e9cutions obtenues<\/td>plus de 4 millions sur 154 titres<\/td>1er ao\u00fbt 2012<\/td><\/tr>\n
Volume d’actions \u00e9chang\u00e9es<\/td>plus de 397 millions d’actions<\/td>1er ao\u00fbt 2012<\/td><\/tr>\n
Position longue nette accumul\u00e9e<\/td>environ 3,5 milliards de dollars (80 titres)<\/td>1er ao\u00fbt 2012<\/td><\/tr>\n
Position courte nette accumul\u00e9e<\/td>environ 3,15 milliards de dollars (74 titres)<\/td>1er ao\u00fbt 2012<\/td><\/tr>\n
Perte finale pour Knight<\/td>plus de 460 millions de dollars<\/td>1er ao\u00fbt 2012<\/td><\/tr>\n
Amende civile vers\u00e9e au Tr\u00e9sor am\u00e9ricain<\/td>12 millions de dollars<\/td>16 octobre 2013<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Pourquoi la SEC a sanctionn\u00e9 Knight Capital<\/h2>\n

La d\u00e9cision de la SEC ne se limite pas \u00e0 d\u00e9crire le bug : elle \u00e9tablit une responsabilit\u00e9 r\u00e9glementaire pr\u00e9cise. L’autorit\u00e9 a conclu que Knight avait enfreint la Rule 15c3-5, dite r\u00e8gle d’acc\u00e8s au march\u00e9, faute de contr\u00f4les adapt\u00e9s. Selon le texte officiel, \u00ab Knight n’avait pas de contr\u00f4les raisonnablement con\u00e7us pour emp\u00eacher l’entr\u00e9e d’ordres erron\u00e9s \u00e0 un point imm\u00e9diatement avant la soumission des ordres au march\u00e9 \u00bb (\u00ab Knight did not have controls reasonably designed to prevent the entry of erroneous orders at a point immediately prior to the submission of orders to the market \u00bb).<\/p>\n

Dans le cadre de cet accord transactionnel, la SEC rapporte que \u00ab le 16 octobre 2013, Knight a d\u00fb verser une amende civile de 12 millions de dollars au Tr\u00e9sor am\u00e9ricain \u00bb (\u00ab Respondent Knight shall, within ten (10) days of the entry of this Order, pay a civil money penalty in the amount of $12,000,000 ($12 million) to the United States Treasury \u00bb). Cette sanction visait l’absence de garde-fous techniques, et non l’intention frauduleuse, ce que le dossier distingue clairement.<\/p>\n

Ce que le document de la SEC ne d\u00e9taille pas, c’est la cause exacte du dysfonctionnement logiciel \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur de SMARS ni la chronologie minute par minute des 45 minutes concern\u00e9es. L’article s’en tient donc aux faits \u00e9tablis par la d\u00e9cision officielle, sans reconstituer d’hypoth\u00e8ses sur le code source ou les intentions des \u00e9quipes techniques de Knight.<\/p>\n\n

Ce que cet incident rappelle sur les syst\u00e8mes automatis\u00e9s<\/h2>\n

Le cas Knight Capital reste une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence cit\u00e9e dans les discussions sur le trading algorithmique parce qu’il illustre, avec des chiffres officiels et v\u00e9rifiables, l’\u00e9cart qui peut exister entre un ordre et son ex\u00e9cution automatis\u00e9e. Pour un trader qui place un ordre au march\u00e9 ou un ordre \u00e0 cours limit\u00e9<\/a>, ce dossier rappelle que le prix d’ex\u00e9cution n’est jamais garanti m\u00eame sur un syst\u00e8me institutionnel, \u00e0 plus forte raison lorsque le routage lui-m\u00eame est d\u00e9faillant.<\/p>\n

Ce type d’accident se distingue des m\u00e9canismes plus connus comme la cl\u00f4ture de marge sur un compte CFD<\/a>, qui r\u00e9sulte d’une r\u00e8gle de gestion du risque et non d’un bug de routage. Il n’existe par ailleurs pas de dispositif \u00e9quivalent au coupe-circuit des march\u00e9s actions sur le march\u00e9 des changes, comme le rappelle l’article sur le coupe-circuit Forex<\/a>, ce qui change la nature des risques en cas de dysfonctionnement logiciel sur ce march\u00e9 pr\u00e9cis.<\/p>\n\n

Questions fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>\n

Qu’est-ce que SMARS, le syst\u00e8me impliqu\u00e9 dans le bug Knight Capital ?<\/h3>\n

SMARS \u00e9tait le syst\u00e8me de routage automatis\u00e9 d’ordres actions utilis\u00e9 par Knight Capital Americas pour acheminer les ordres de ses clients vers le march\u00e9. Selon la SEC, c’est une erreur dans son fonctionnement qui a transform\u00e9 212 ordres de d\u00e9tail en millions d’ex\u00e9cutions le 1er ao\u00fbt 2012.<\/p>\n

Combien de temps a dur\u00e9 l’incident du 1er ao\u00fbt 2012 ?<\/h3>\n

D’apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9cision de la SEC, le dysfonctionnement s’est d\u00e9roul\u00e9 sur une p\u00e9riode de 45 minutes, durant laquelle SMARS a envoy\u00e9 des millions d’ordres sur le march\u00e9 avant que Knight ne parvienne \u00e0 les stopper.<\/p>\n

Pourquoi Knight Capital a-t-elle perdu plus de 460 millions de dollars ?<\/h3>\n

La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 s’est retrouv\u00e9e avec des positions non d\u00e9sir\u00e9es \u00e9valu\u00e9es \u00e0 environ 3,5 milliards de dollars en position longue et 3,15 milliards de dollars en position courte. Leur liquidation en urgence a g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 une perte sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 460 millions de dollars, selon la SEC.<\/p>\n

Quelle sanction la SEC a-t-elle impos\u00e9e \u00e0 Knight Capital ?<\/h3>\n

La SEC a conclu que Knight avait enfreint la r\u00e8gle d’acc\u00e8s au march\u00e9 faute de contr\u00f4les suffisants pour bloquer les ordres erron\u00e9s. Le 16 octobre 2013, dans le cadre d’un accord transactionnel, Knight a d\u00fb verser une amende civile de 12 millions de dollars au Tr\u00e9sor am\u00e9ricain.<\/p>\n\n\n

Quentin Belsack<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le bug Knight Capital a co\u00fbt\u00e9 460 millions de dollars en 45 minutes le 1er ao\u00fbt 2012, selon la d\u00e9cision administrative de la SEC publi\u00e9e le 16 octobre 2013. Une erreur dans le syst\u00e8me de routage automatis\u00e9 d’ordres actions de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, nomm\u00e9 SMARS, a transform\u00e9 212 ordres de d\u00e9tail en millions d’ex\u00e9cutions sur le […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1945,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_wgf_editorial_author":"quentin","_wgf_editorial_kind":"insolite","footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1946","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-insolite"],"yoast_head":"\nBug Knight Capital : 460 millions de dollars en 45 min<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le bug Knight Capital a co\u00fbt\u00e9 460 millions de dollars en 45 minutes le 1er ao\u00fbt 2012, selon la SEC. 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